Permian ancestors of Hymenoptera and Raphidioptera

doi:10.3897/zookeys.358.6289

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Title	Permian ancestors of Hymenoptera and Raphidioptera
Author(s)	Dmitry Shcherbakov
Journal	ZooKeys
ISSN	1313-2989
Volume	358
Pages	45--67
DOI	10.3897/zookeys.358.6289
Year	2013
Publisher	Pensoft Publishers
Citation

...

Dobbertinia reticulata Handlirsch 1920 from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin (Mecklenburg/Germany) – the oldest representative of Sialidae (Megaloptera).
by J Ansorge
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2001 pages 553--564 (2001)
Fossil insects of the Middle and Upper Permian of European Russia.
by DS Aristov;AS Bashkuev;VK Golubev;AV Gorochov;EV Karasev;DS Kopylov;AG Ponomarenko;AP Rasnitsyn;DA Rasnitsyn;ND Sinitshenkova;ID Sukatsheva;DV Vassilenko
Paleontological Journal 47 pages 641--832 (2013)
- 10.1134/S0031030113070010
Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionfies.
by AS Bashkuev
Zootaxa 2895 pages 47--57 (2011)
Permian [homopteran] genera Protopincombea and Propatrix.
by EE Becker-Migdisova
Paleontological Journal 19 pages 85--89 (1985)
Head anatomy of Xyelidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera) and phylogenetic implications.
by RG Beutel;L Vilhelmsen
Organisms Diversity & Evolution 7 pages 207--230 (2007)
- 10.1016/j.ode.2006.06.003
Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola.
by RG Beutel;F Friedrich;T Hörnschemeyer;H Pohl;F Hünefeld;F Beckmann;R Meier;B Misof;M Whiting;L Vilhelmsen
Cladistics 27 pages 341--355 (2011)
- 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00338.x
Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life.
by T Cavalier-Smith
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365 pages 111--132 (2010)
- 10.1098/rstb.2009.0161
A wing-locking or stridulatory device in Lepidoptera.
by IFB Common
Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 8 pages 121--125 (1969)
- 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1969.tb00744.x
Insect design
by J Conrad
The phylogeny and classification of insects.
by GC Crampton
Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology 16 pages 33--47 (1924)
The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): A new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalog of fossil snakeflies.
by MS Engel
American Museum Novitates 3363 pages 1--22 (2002)
- 10.1206/0003-0082(2002)363<0001:TSSRMA>2.0.CO;2
- 2246/2852
The alderflies of Kansas (Megaloptera: Sialidae).
by MS Engel
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 107 pages 119--125 (2004)
- 10.1660/0022-8443(2004)107[0119:TAOKMS]2.0.CO;2
Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta).
by MS Engel;DA Grimaldi
Nova Supplementa Entomologica 20 pages 1--86 (2008)
The morphology of Plega signata (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Mantispidae).
by GF Ferris
Microentomology 5 pages 33--56 (1940)
by A Handlirsch
Miniaturization of body size: organismal consequences and evolutionary significance.
by J Hanken;DB Wake
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24 pages 501--519 (1993)
- 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002441
by W Hennig
Merope tuber (Mecoptera): a wing-body interlocking mechanism.
by TF Hlavac
Psyche 81 pages 303--306 (1974)
- 10.1155/1974/45917
Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification.
by E Hoerandl;T Stuessy
Taxon 59 pages 1641--1653 (2010)
Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 1: Einführung, Grundplanmerkmale, Schwestergruppe und Fossilfunde.
by E Königsmann
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (NF) 23 pages 253--279 (1976)
- 10.1002/mmnd.19760230403
The phylogeny of hexapod “orders”. A critical review of recent accounts.
by NP Kristensen
Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 13 pages 1--44 (1975)
- 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x
The New Zealand scorpionfly (Nannochorista philpotti comb. n.): wing morphology and its phylogenetic significance.
by NP Kristensen
Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 27 pages 106--114 (1989)
- 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00335.x
Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms.
by NP Kristensen
European Journal of Entomology 96 pages 237--253 (1999)
by NP Kristensen
by PA Latreille
Early evolution and historical biogeography of fishflies (Megaloptera: Chauliodinae): Implications from a phylogeny combining fossil and extant taxa.
by X Liu;Y Wang;C Shih;D Ren;D Yang
PLoS ONE 7 (2012)
- 10.1371/journal.pone.0040345
New Permian insects from Tikhie Gory, Kazan province. I. Palaeoptera.
by AV Martynov
Travaux du Musée Géologique près l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS 6 pages 69--86 (1930)
Liassic insects of Shurab and Kizil-Kiya.
by AV Martynov
Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences 7 pages 1--232 (1937)
Classifications and other ordering systems.
by E Mayr;WJ Bock
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 40 pages 169--194 (2002)
- 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x
Über den Ovipositor der Neuropteroidea und Coleoptera und seine phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta, Holometabola).
by G Mickoleit
Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 74 pages 37--64 (1973)
- 10.1007/BF00291795
Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects.
by A Nel;J Prokop;P Nel;P Grandcolas;DY Huang;P Roques;E Guilbert;O Dostál;J Szwedo
Journal of Morphology 273 pages 480--506 (2012)
- 10.1002/jmor.11036
The earliest known holometabolous insects.
by A Nel;P Roques;P Nel;AA Prokin;T Bourgoin;J Prokop;J Szwedo;D Azar;L Desutter-Grandcolas;T Wappler;R Garrouste;D Coty;D Huang;MS Engel;AG Kirejtshuk
Nature 503 pages 257--261 (2013)
- 10.1038/nature12629
New insects (Insecta) from the Lower Permian of Chekarda (Central Urals).
by VG Novokshonov
Paleontological Journal 27 pages 172--178 (1993)
Paleozoic members of the Megaloptera (Insecta).
by AG Ponomarenko
Paleontological Journal 11 pages 73--81 (1977)
New alderflies (Megaloptera: Parasialidae) and glosselytrodeans (Glosselytrodea: Glosselytridae) from the Permian of Mongolia.
by AG Ponomarenko
Paleontological Journal 34 pages S309--S311 (2000)
by AG Ponomarenko
Origin and evolution of lower Hymenoptera.
by AP Rasnitsyn
Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences 123 pages 1--196 (1969)
by AP Rasnitsyn
- 10.1007/0-306-47577-4
Ontology of evolution and methodology of taxonomy.
by AP Rasnitsyn
Paleontological Journal 40 pages S679--S737 (2006)
- 10.1134/S003103010612001X
Structures of unknown, possibly stridulatory, function on the wings and body of Neuroptera; with an appendix on other endopterygote orders.
by EF Riek
Australian Journal of Zoology 15 pages 337--348 (1967)
- 10.1071/ZO9670337
Upper Triassic insects from the Molteno “Formation”, South Africa.
by EF Riek
Palaeontologica Africana 17 pages 19--31 (1974)
The ancestry and wing venation of the Hymenoptera.
by HH Ross
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 29 pages 99--111 (1936)
Evolution of the insect orders.
by HH Ross
Entomological News 66 pages 197--208 (1955)
by HH Ross
Underlying synapomorphies and anagenetic analysis.
by OA Saether
Zoologica Scripta 8 pages 305--312 (1979)
- 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00644.x
Vergleichende Morphologie und Ultrastruktur des Cenchrus-Dornenfeldapparates bei Pflanzenwespen (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta).
by A Schrott
Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 73 pages 159--168 (1986)
Monophyly and polyphyly in evolution.
by AG Sharov
Journal of General Biology 32 pages 667--678 (1971)
by DE Shcherbakov
On Permian and Triassic insect faunas in relation to biogeography and the Permian–Triassic crisis.
by DE Shcherbakov
Paleontological Journal 42 pages 15--31 (2008)
by DE Shcherbakov;YuA Popov
The genera Macroxyela Kirby and Megaxyela Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) in North America.
by DR Smith;NM Schiff
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100 pages 636--657 (1998)
- 56949
by IC Stocks
Kansas Permian insects. Part 3. The new order Protohymenoptera.
by RJ Tillyard
American Journal of Science 8 pages 111--122 (1924)
- 10.2475/ajs.s5-8.44.111
Advances in insect phylogeny at the dawn of the postgenomic era.
by MD Trautwein;BM Wiegmann;RG Beutel;KM Kjer;DK Yeates
Annual Review of Entomology 57 pages 449--468 (2012)
- 10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100538
Single-copy nuclear genes resolve the phylogeny of holometabolous insects.
by BM Wiegmann;MD Trautwein;J-W Kim;BK Cassel;MA Bertone;SL Winterton;DK Yeates
BMC Biology 7 (2009)
- 10.1186/1741-7007-7-34
The wing venation of Raphidia maculicollis Stephens.
by CL Withycombe
Entomologist 56 pages 33--35 (1923)
History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae).
by HO III Yates;DR Smith
Journal of Entomological Science 44 pages 276--283 (2009)

Only known citations between publications in BioNames are listed here.

[1] Dobbertinia reticulata Handlirsch 1920 from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin (Mecklenburg/Germany) – the oldest representative of Sialidae (Megaloptera).
by J Ansorge
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Monatshefte 2001 pages 553--564 (2001)

[2] Fossil insects of the Middle and Upper Permian of European Russia.
by DS Aristov;AS Bashkuev;VK Golubev;AV Gorochov;EV Karasev;DS Kopylov;AG Ponomarenko;AP Rasnitsyn;DA Rasnitsyn;ND Sinitshenkova;ID Sukatsheva;DV Vassilenko
Paleontological Journal 47 pages 641--832 (2013)
10.1134/S0031030113070010

[3] 10.1134/S0031030113070010

[4] Nedubroviidae, a new family of Mecoptera: the first Paleozoic long-proboscid scorpionfies.
by AS Bashkuev
Zootaxa 2895 pages 47--57 (2011)

[5] Permian [homopteran] genera Protopincombea and Propatrix.
by EE Becker-Migdisova
Paleontological Journal 19 pages 85--89 (1985)

[6] Head anatomy of Xyelidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera) and phylogenetic implications.
by RG Beutel;L Vilhelmsen
Organisms Diversity & Evolution 7 pages 207--230 (2007)
10.1016/j.ode.2006.06.003

[7] 10.1016/j.ode.2006.06.003

[8] Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola.
by RG Beutel;F Friedrich;T Hörnschemeyer;H Pohl;F Hünefeld;F Beckmann;R Meier;B Misof;M Whiting;L Vilhelmsen
Cladistics 27 pages 341--355 (2011)
10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00338.x

[9] 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2010.00338.x

[10] Deep phylogeny, ancestral groups and the four ages of life.
by T Cavalier-Smith
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 365 pages 111--132 (2010)
10.1098/rstb.2009.0161

[11] 10.1098/rstb.2009.0161

[12] A wing-locking or stridulatory device in Lepidoptera.
by IFB Common
Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 8 pages 121--125 (1969)
10.1111/j.1440-6055.1969.tb00744.x

[13] 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1969.tb00744.x

[14] Insect design
by J Conrad

[15] The phylogeny and classification of insects.
by GC Crampton
Pomona College Journal of Entomology and Zoology 16 pages 33--47 (1924)

[16] The smallest snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae): A new species in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, with a catalog of fossil snakeflies.
by MS Engel
American Museum Novitates 3363 pages 1--22 (2002)
10.1206/0003-0082(2002)363<0001:TSSRMA>2.0.CO;2
2246/2852

[17] 10.1206/0003-0082(2002)363<0001:TSSRMA>2.0.CO;2

[18] 2246/2852

[19] The alderflies of Kansas (Megaloptera: Sialidae).
by MS Engel
Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 107 pages 119--125 (2004)
10.1660/0022-8443(2004)107[0119:TAOKMS]2.0.CO;2

[20] 10.1660/0022-8443(2004)107[0119:TAOKMS]2.0.CO;2

[21] Diverse Neuropterida in Cretaceous amber, with particular reference to the paleofauna of Myanmar (Insecta).
by MS Engel;DA Grimaldi
Nova Supplementa Entomologica 20 pages 1--86 (2008)

[22] The morphology of Plega signata (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Mantispidae).
by GF Ferris
Microentomology 5 pages 33--56 (1940)

[23] by A Handlirsch

[24] Miniaturization of body size: organismal consequences and evolutionary significance.
by J Hanken;DB Wake
Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 24 pages 501--519 (1993)
10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002441

[25] 10.1146/annurev.es.24.110193.002441

[26] by W Hennig

[27] Merope tuber (Mecoptera): a wing-body interlocking mechanism.
by TF Hlavac
Psyche 81 pages 303--306 (1974)
10.1155/1974/45917

[28] 10.1155/1974/45917

[29] Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification.
by E Hoerandl;T Stuessy
Taxon 59 pages 1641--1653 (2010)

[30] Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 1: Einführung, Grundplanmerkmale, Schwestergruppe und Fossilfunde.
by E Königsmann
Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (NF) 23 pages 253--279 (1976)
10.1002/mmnd.19760230403

[31] 10.1002/mmnd.19760230403

[32] The phylogeny of hexapod “orders”. A critical review of recent accounts.
by NP Kristensen
Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 13 pages 1--44 (1975)
10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x

[33] 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1975.tb00226.x

[34] The New Zealand scorpionfly (Nannochorista philpotti comb. n.): wing morphology and its phylogenetic significance.
by NP Kristensen
Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 27 pages 106--114 (1989)
10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00335.x

[35] 10.1111/j.1439-0469.1989.tb00335.x

[36] Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms.
by NP Kristensen
European Journal of Entomology 96 pages 237--253 (1999)

[37] by NP Kristensen

[38] by PA Latreille

[39] Early evolution and historical biogeography of fishflies (Megaloptera: Chauliodinae): Implications from a phylogeny combining fossil and extant taxa.
by X Liu;Y Wang;C Shih;D Ren;D Yang
PLoS ONE 7 (2012)
10.1371/journal.pone.0040345

[40] 10.1371/journal.pone.0040345

[41] New Permian insects from Tikhie Gory, Kazan province. I. Palaeoptera.
by AV Martynov
Travaux du Musée Géologique près l’Académie des Sciences de l’URSS 6 pages 69--86 (1930)

[42] Liassic insects of Shurab and Kizil-Kiya.
by AV Martynov
Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences 7 pages 1--232 (1937)

[43] Classifications and other ordering systems.
by E Mayr;WJ Bock
Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 40 pages 169--194 (2002)
10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x

[44] 10.1046/j.1439-0469.2002.00211.x

[45] Über den Ovipositor der Neuropteroidea und Coleoptera und seine phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta, Holometabola).
by G Mickoleit
Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 74 pages 37--64 (1973)
10.1007/BF00291795

[46] 10.1007/BF00291795

[47] Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects.
by A Nel;J Prokop;P Nel;P Grandcolas;DY Huang;P Roques;E Guilbert;O Dostál;J Szwedo
Journal of Morphology 273 pages 480--506 (2012)
10.1002/jmor.11036

[48] 10.1002/jmor.11036

[49] The earliest known holometabolous insects.
by A Nel;P Roques;P Nel;AA Prokin;T Bourgoin;J Prokop;J Szwedo;D Azar;L Desutter-Grandcolas;T Wappler;R Garrouste;D Coty;D Huang;MS Engel;AG Kirejtshuk
Nature 503 pages 257--261 (2013)
10.1038/nature12629

[50] 10.1038/nature12629

[51] New insects (Insecta) from the Lower Permian of Chekarda (Central Urals).
by VG Novokshonov
Paleontological Journal 27 pages 172--178 (1993)

[52] Paleozoic members of the Megaloptera (Insecta).
by AG Ponomarenko
Paleontological Journal 11 pages 73--81 (1977)

[53] New alderflies (Megaloptera: Parasialidae) and glosselytrodeans (Glosselytrodea: Glosselytridae) from the Permian of Mongolia.
by AG Ponomarenko
Paleontological Journal 34 pages S309--S311 (2000)

[54] by AG Ponomarenko

[55] Origin and evolution of lower Hymenoptera.
by AP Rasnitsyn
Transactions of the Paleontological Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences 123 pages 1--196 (1969)

[56] by AP Rasnitsyn
10.1007/0-306-47577-4

[57] 10.1007/0-306-47577-4

[58] Ontology of evolution and methodology of taxonomy.
by AP Rasnitsyn
Paleontological Journal 40 pages S679--S737 (2006)
10.1134/S003103010612001X

[59] 10.1134/S003103010612001X

[60] Structures of unknown, possibly stridulatory, function on the wings and body of Neuroptera; with an appendix on other endopterygote orders.
by EF Riek
Australian Journal of Zoology 15 pages 337--348 (1967)
10.1071/ZO9670337

[61] 10.1071/ZO9670337

[62] Upper Triassic insects from the Molteno “Formation”, South Africa.
by EF Riek
Palaeontologica Africana 17 pages 19--31 (1974)

[63] The ancestry and wing venation of the Hymenoptera.
by HH Ross
Annals of the Entomological Society of America 29 pages 99--111 (1936)

[64] Evolution of the insect orders.
by HH Ross
Entomological News 66 pages 197--208 (1955)

[65] by HH Ross

[66] Underlying synapomorphies and anagenetic analysis.
by OA Saether
Zoologica Scripta 8 pages 305--312 (1979)
10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00644.x

[67] 10.1111/j.1463-6409.1979.tb00644.x

[68] Vergleichende Morphologie und Ultrastruktur des Cenchrus-Dornenfeldapparates bei Pflanzenwespen (Insecta: Hymenoptera, Symphyta).
by A Schrott
Berichte des naturwissenschaftlich-medizinischen Vereins in Innsbruck 73 pages 159--168 (1986)

[69] Monophyly and polyphyly in evolution.
by AG Sharov
Journal of General Biology 32 pages 667--678 (1971)

[70] by DE Shcherbakov

[71] On Permian and Triassic insect faunas in relation to biogeography and the Permian–Triassic crisis.
by DE Shcherbakov
Paleontological Journal 42 pages 15--31 (2008)

[72] by DE Shcherbakov;YuA Popov

[73] The genera Macroxyela Kirby and Megaxyela Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae) in North America.
by DR Smith;NM Schiff
Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 100 pages 636--657 (1998)
56949

[74] 56949

[75] by IC Stocks

[76] Kansas Permian insects. Part 3. The new order Protohymenoptera.
by RJ Tillyard
American Journal of Science 8 pages 111--122 (1924)
10.2475/ajs.s5-8.44.111

[77] 10.2475/ajs.s5-8.44.111

[78] Advances in insect phylogeny at the dawn of the postgenomic era.
by MD Trautwein;BM Wiegmann;RG Beutel;KM Kjer;DK Yeates
Annual Review of Entomology 57 pages 449--468 (2012)
10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100538

[79] 10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100538

[80] Single-copy nuclear genes resolve the phylogeny of holometabolous insects.
by BM Wiegmann;MD Trautwein;J-W Kim;BK Cassel;MA Bertone;SL Winterton;DK Yeates
BMC Biology 7 (2009)
10.1186/1741-7007-7-34

[81] 10.1186/1741-7007-7-34

[82] The wing venation of Raphidia maculicollis Stephens.
by CL Withycombe
Entomologist 56 pages 33--35 (1923)

[83] History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae).
by HO III Yates;DR Smith
Journal of Entomological Science 44 pages 276--283 (2009)

Dobbertinia reticulata Handlirsch 1920 from the Lower Jurassic of Dobbertin (Mecklenburg/Germany) – the oldest representative of Sialidae (Megaloptera).

Fossil insects of the Middle and Upper Permian of European Russia.

Permian [homopteran] genera Protopincombea and Propatrix.

Head anatomy of Xyelidae (Hexapoda: Hymenoptera) and phylogenetic implications.

Morphological and molecular evidence converge upon a robust phylogeny of the megadiverse Holometabola.

A wing-locking or stridulatory device in Lepidoptera.

Insect design

The phylogeny and classification of insects.

The morphology of Plega signata (Hagen) (Neuroptera: Mantispidae).

Miniaturization of body size: organismal consequences and evolutionary significance.

Merope tuber (Mecoptera): a wing-body interlocking mechanism.

Paraphyletic groups as natural units of biological classification.

Das phylogenetische System der Hymenoptera. Teil 1: Einführung, Grundplanmerkmale, Schwestergruppe und Fossilfunde.

The New Zealand scorpionfly (Nannochorista philpotti comb. n.): wing morphology and its phylogenetic significance.

Phylogeny of endopterygote insects, the most successful lineage of living organisms.

Classifications and other ordering systems.

Über den Ovipositor der Neuropteroidea und Coleoptera und seine phylogenetische Bedeutung (Insecta, Holometabola).

Traits and evolution of wing venation pattern in paraneopteran insects.

Origin and evolution of lower Hymenoptera.

Ontology of evolution and methodology of taxonomy.

Structures of unknown, possibly stridulatory, function on the wings and body of Neuroptera; with an appendix on other endopterygote orders.

Evolution of the insect orders.

Underlying synapomorphies and anagenetic analysis.

Monophyly and polyphyly in evolution.

Advances in insect phylogeny at the dawn of the postgenomic era.

Single-copy nuclear genes resolve the phylogeny of holometabolous insects.

The wing venation of Raphidia maculicollis Stephens.

History, distribution, damage, and life cycle of a pine shoot gall sawfly, Xyela gallicaulis (Hymenoptera: Xyelidae).

Permian ancestors of Hymenoptera and Raphidioptera

Authors