McCosker, Bohlke & Bohlke 1989. Family Ophichthidae, snake eels and worm eels. Bohlke, Eugenia B.[Ed]. Fishes of the western north Atlantic, part 9, volume 1, orders Anguilliformes and Saccopharyngiformes., Sears Foundation for Marine Research, Yale University, New Haven., 1989: i-xvii, 1-655. Chapter pagination: 254-412